Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally, often presenting asymptomatically. While the body’s immune system typically clears the virus naturally, in some cases, it can persist, significantly increasing the risk of developing cervical cancer — a serious public health issue, with an alarming statistic that nearly 99% of cervical cancer cases are linked to high-risk HPV strains.

Lactobacillus crispatus is recognised as the predominant bacterial species in a healthy vaginal microbiota. Its absence or deficiency, in fact, is associated with a less protected microbiota that is more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. This latter category also includes infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The presence of strains with a higher oncogenic risk and the persistence of the infection over time are the two factors that can lead to the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of the cervix and, over time, their progression towards cervical carcinoma.

Recent studies have demonstrated how the predominance of Lactobacillus crispatus at the vaginal level can make a difference, allowing for the establishment of a healthy vaginal microbiota capable of promoting HPV negativity and normalising cervical cytology. The goal of the scientific community is to clarify the mechanism of action of L. crispatus concerning this latter point. A very recent study has demonstrated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of Lactobacillus crispatus on precancerous cells of the cervix, and the detection of early warning factors investigated the mechanism of action through which L. crispatus may normalise squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) due to HPV infections.

Action of L. crispatus on precancerous cells

The study was conducted in vitro using a cellular model of precancerous lesions of the cervix to assess the effect of L. crispatus on these cells. The results showed that L. crispatus was able to act directly on the precancerous cells, blocking and reversing the progression of SIL because it:

• Inhibits the proliferation of cervical precancerous cells.
• Increases apoptosis in these cells.
• Modulates the cytokine response, increasing Th1 and IFN and reducing Th2.

This did not occur in the control, where the cells continued to proliferate over time.

The Vaginal Microbiota: A Crucial Player

At the core of this discussion lies the vaginal microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms that has a profound impact on women’s health. A healthy vaginal microbiota is predominantly composed of Lactobacillus species, which produce antimicrobial substances that protect against infections, prevent pathogen adhesion, and contribute to an anti-inflammatory environment.

When this delicate balance is disrupted a condition known as dysbiosis the risk of HPV infection may increase. Dysbiosis can be triggered by sexual practices, bacterial vaginosis, or other STIs, which disturb the microbiota’s composition. Research indicates that alterations in the vaginal microbiota, characterised by a reduced diversity of bacteria and an increase in certain pathogens, correlate with higher susceptibility to HPV.

Research Insights

A Chinese study involving 100 women aged 21 to 64 examined the vaginal microbiota profile of those infected with persistent HPV compared to women who had cleared the virus and those who had never contracted HPV. The findings revealed distinct differences in microbial composition among the groups. Specifically, HPV infection was associated with a decrease in beneficial bacteria and a rise in Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota, while Proteobacteria decreased. This state of dysbiosis could not only facilitate the acquisition of HPV but also hinder the body’s ability to eliminate it.

The study also highlighted that women who successfully cleared the virus had a significantly higher abundance of Lactobacillus species than those with persistent infections.

The Role of Probiotics

Given the evidence that a balanced vaginal microbiota can help fortify against HPV, the use of probiotics and prebiotic vaginal treatments emerges as a promising preventive strategy. Evidence suggests that maintaining a robust immune system is paramount. Thus, reducing unnecessary antibiotic use — which can deplete beneficial bacteria — is crucial in averting the onset of STIs like HPV.

For women seeking to bolster their vaginal health, the application of vaginal probiotics for a period of 7 to 10 days a month, along with oral probiotics rich in Lactobacillus for an extended 15 to 30 days, may represent effective measures to enhance microbiota balance.

Link Between Oral Microbiota and HPV

Recent research has shed light on the complex relationship between oral microbiota and overall oral health, particularly in the context of high-risk HPV infections. The study examined the overall composition of oral microbiota, revealing significant differences in the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa among men with and without high-risk HPV. Notably, the analysis indicated marked distinctions in beta diversity, while alpha diversity remained largely unaffected. The results underscore the pivotal role that oral microbiota may play in mediating health outcomes related to HPV infections, offering new avenues for understanding oral dysbiosis and its implications.

Further investigation identified certain bacterial taxa linked with high-risk HPV infection, including Fretibacterium, F0058, Kingella, Treponema, and Prevotella, which displayed increased abundance in the infected cohort. Conversely, beneficial taxa such as Neisseria and Lactobacillus were more prevalent in individuals without the infection. These findings suggest that alterations in oral microbiota can be indicative of underlying HPV-related health challenges, emphasising the need for ongoing research into how oral health could influence HPV infection history. By focusing on the dynamics of oral microbiota, we may uncover critical insights that foster improved prevention strategies and therapeutic interventions in the realm of oral health.

The Role of Diet and Nutrition in Cervical Cancer Prevention

Diet and nutrition are crucial factors in the development of cervical cancer. Adequate nutrition optimises the immune system, which in turn helps to eliminate human papillomavirus (HPV) and enables the body to combat cancer tumours effectively.

Research has highlighted the significance of diet and nutrition in preventing or reducing the risk of cervical cancer, with a particular focus on antioxidant nutrients and dietary patterns that mitigate the effects of HPV.

Diets characterised by high inflammatory potential, similar to the Western dietary pattern, have been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. This is particularly concerning for women who are HPV-positive and lead a sedentary lifestyle.

A typical Western diet, often high in saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium, has been shown to exacerbate chronic inflammation, making it more difficult to manage HPV infections. Persistent HPV infections are a significant precursor to the development of cervical cancer.

Conversely, adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, which is abundant in fruits, vegetables, legumes, healthy fats, and fish, has been associated with a lower risk of HPV infection and cervical cancer.

Antioxidants, such as carotenoids like lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta carotene, along with vitamins C, E, and A, may play a vital role in suppressing the onset of cervical cancer, especially among those who smoke. Additionally, nutrients such as folate, vitamin D, and lycopene may help to inhibit the progression of HPV to cervical cancer.

Each of these antioxidant nutrients contributes various protective and complementary roles throughout the developmental stages of cervical cancer.

Consequently, it is essential to concentrate on overall dietary patterns rather than solely focusing on individual nutrients. Emphasising a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant foods can significantly impact one’s health and reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

By adopting healthier eating habits, individuals can potentially enhance their immune function and lower their risk of HPV-related cervical cancer.

A daily increase of 100 grams (g) of fruit, the equivalent of 1 cup of cranberries, was associated with a reduced risk of cervical cancer. Likewise, a daily increase of 100 g of vegetables has a similar effect.
Adopting a dietary pattern similar to the Mediterranean diet reducesTrusted Source inflammation and cervical cancer risk.

A person could eat more:

fruit and vegetables, focusing on variety of colors and textures
complex carbs, such as whole grain rice, pasta, bread, and couscous
nuts, seeds, and olive oils, which are healthy, unsaturated fats, to replace saturated and trans fats
herbs and spices, such as onion and garlic, while limiting added sodium
low fat dairy, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt
legumes such as peas, lentils, and beans, including garbanzo beans and red beans

Conclusion

The relationship between HPV and vaginal microbiota underscores the importance of maintaining a healthy microbial balance as a protective measure against infections and associated risks. By adopting healthy practices and considering the role of probiotics, women can take an active role in safeguarding their health.

If you found this information valuable, please share this post to empower more women in their journey towards HPV prevention and treatment. For further insights into boosting your immune system or analysing your vaginal microbiota, feel free to contact us at ysmartnutrition@gmail.com.

Stay informed, stay healthy!